This is such an interesting thread! As for the states, individual states have a lot more rights per the Constitution than the meddling federal nightmare government would like people to remember. OK, I am stepping away from the computer before I go off on a states' rights libertarian rant.
But before I do, here's what wikipedia has to say about the whole messy business
Official language status of the various states.
English is official languages
Alabama (1990)
Alaska (1998)[9]
Arizona (2006)
Arkansas (1987)
California (1986)
Colorado (1988)
Florida (1988)
Georgia (1986, 1996)
Idaho (2007)[10]
Illinois (1969)[11]
Indiana (1984)
Iowa (2002)[12]
Kansas (2007)
Kentucky (1984)
Louisiana (1807)
Massachusetts (1975)
Mississippi (1987)
Missouri (1998)
Montana (1995)
Nebraska (1920)
New Hampshire (1995)
New Jersey (2008)
North Carolina (1987)
North Dakota (1987)
South Carolina (1987)
South Dakota (1987)
Tennessee (1984)
Utah (2000)
Virginia (1981, 1996)
Wyoming (1996)
California has agreed to allow the publication of state documents in other languages to represent minority groups and immigrant communities. Languages such as Spanish, Chinese, Korean, Tagalog, Persian, Russian, Vietnamese, and Thai appear in official state documents, and the Department of Motor Vehicles publishes in 47 languages.
Several states and territories are officially or de facto bi- or trilingual:
Hawaii (English and Hawaiian) (1978)
Louisiana (English and French legally recognized, although there is no official language)
New Mexico (English and de facto Spanish)[13]
Maine (English and French both de facto)
American Samoa (Samoan and English)
Guam (Chamorro and English)
Northern Mariana Islands (English, Chamorro, and Carolinian)
Puerto Rico (Spanish and English) (1993)
The state of New York had state government documents (i.e., vital records) co-written in the Dutch language until the 1920s, in order to preserve the legacy of New Netherlands, though England annexed the colony in 1664.[14]
Native American languages are official or co-official on many of the US Indian reservations and pueblos. In Oklahoma before statehood in 1907, territory officials debated whether or not to have Cherokee, Choctaw and Muscogee languages as co-official, but the idea never gained ground.
In New Mexico, although the state constitution does not specify an official language, laws are published in English and Spanish, and government material and services are legally required (by Act) to be made accessible to speakers of both languages.
On May 19, 2006, the United States Senate voted to make English the national language of the United States. According to the bill, written by Sen. James M. Inhofe (R-Okla.), the federal government would no longer provide multilingual communications and services, except for those already guaranteed by law. Shortly after the approval of the Inhofe amendment, the Senate voted for another bill by Sen. Ken Salazar (D-Colo.), according to which English is the "common unifying language of the United States", but mandated that nothing in that declaration "shall diminish or expand any existing rights" regarding multilingual services. Neither of the bills were signed into law.
"The winds of grace are always blowing but it's you who must raise your sail." - Sri Ramakrishna