I don't have bunions, but I have to be careful about the shoes I wear, otherwise I get corns between my toes. I also have callouses in weird places on my feet. I'm not to the point where I need orthotics though.
My grandmother (whose feet I have inherited!) has bunions though. She finally had surgery after many, many years of dealing with them and still has to be careful about the shoes she wears. Before the surgery, she could pretty much only wear the canvas Keds-type shoes that would stretch to conform to her foot.
Let's see. She's 85, and she just had surgery this past fall. Being an older person, I imagine it took her longer to recover than it will you. She was off her feet for a couple of weeks but could still get up to do household stuff. I can't offer any advice about how long it would take to get back to an active lifestyle though.