Yuckity Yuck Yuck!
Hi Galye, you are so chipper to day, not that you aren't on other days, but your comments made me smile this morning!
I just finished disk 30, I couldn't do all the reps on the last tricep exercise, but other than that did really well! High fives on finishing meso 3! I can't believe I'm not far behind!
Jo, I have no idea how else to attach the thread so here is a copy of one of the articles that explains the undulating rotation more. Sorry that it is so long! I'll also go check what the name of the thread was so you can go look at it too. And again, remember the rotation is ready for download on the rotation page in the WM I think the username for Chris is Christos or something like that.
Periodization for Personal Trainers
Tony Boutagy, BHMS & Len Kravitz, PhD
Periodization Overview
Periodization is an approach to resistance training programming that includes systematic alternating cycles of weight lifted (intensity) with total repetitions or volume (repetitions x sets). The roots of this exercise program design date back to the 1950’s and early 1960’s where European coaches, trainers and sports scientists were coaching some of the greatest athletes of that period. The coaches and trainers determined that no matter how fit the athletes were, they just couldn’t continue to train harder and harder. So the trainers did something quite revolutionary with their athletes’ training schedules. They methodically had the competitor’s complete resistance training phases that included high-volume, low-intensity resistance workouts, and then alternated these cycles with low-volume, high-intensity training phases. Eventually this scheme of resistance training filtered to coaches and trainers throughout the world.
The theoretical roots of periodization come from the Canadian scientist, Dr. Hans Selye, who first presented the General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S.) theory (Kraemer, 1998). This theory suggests that the body adapts to training in three different phases. The first phase is characterized as the alarm stage. This is the introduction of the resistance training program where the exerciser experiences a lot of soreness and stiffness due to the ‘shock’ of the exercises on the body. The second phase of the G.A.S. is the resistance phase. In this phase, the body is adapting to the demands of exercise and is becoming stronger. The third phase is referred to as “exhaustion” or fatigue, caused by training too hard or too long without sufficient recovery. Overtraining is a practical occurrence of what might be occurring in the third phase of the G.A.S. To avoid the exhaustion phase of the GAS, there must be some type of orderly change in the stimulus.
Methods of Periodization
Frequent changing of the training variables - which include the number of sets, number of repetitions, exercise choice, exercise sequence, speed of movement and rest between sets – can lead to almost limitless options in training strategies (Kraemer & Hakinnen, 2002; Fleck & Kraemer, 2004). However, to date, research has only investigated two of the most popular methods of periodization: the traditional (linear) model and the non-traditional (undulating) model.
Traditional (linear) periodization
The traditional way that resistance training has been periodized is to progress from low intensity (high repetition) programs to high intensity (low repetition) programs over a period of time, such as several months. This approach has often been termed the linear approach to periodization due to the smooth reduction in repetitions over time. This method was first used by the weightlifters from the former Soviet Union in preparation for a major competitive event and was popularized outside of the eastern bloc by the Russian strength expert L.P. Matveyev.
This approach to changing the intensity of the load lifted from light to heavy is most recommended to clients with under a year’s lifting experience (King, 2003; Plisk & Stone, 2003). This ensures that the lifter is exposed to gradual increases in load in a progressive manner, thereby allowing the appropriate musculo-skeletal adaptations to take place, minimizing the risk of injury. A sample repetition scheme for a client under a year’s lifting experience is listed below. Notice that the load increases, therefore the repetitions decrease, in a stepwise fashion as the program moves from month to month.
Sample beginner’s repetition scheme
Weeks 1-4 5-8 9-12 13-16 17-20
Repetitions 12-15 10-12 8-10 6-8 4-6
Work Sets 1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5
Non-traditional (undulating) periodization
The most recent method of program variation to be researched is termed undulating periodization, also called the non-traditional model. The traditional approach of program progression was most suitable to preparing athletes for one major event, but with the need for athlete’s to compete at high levels for extended periods of time over the competitive season, another approach was required. The undulating method of periodization was first developed by top Russian scientist Dr Yuri Verkhoshansky, and involves a more pronounced varying of the load lifted (intensity). Essentially, the intensity can be manipulated over a monthly basis or during the same week. Intermediate clients with lifting experience between 1-2 years would be advised to progress the programs in this manner over a monthly period. And advanced lifter’s with 2 or more years experience would be best recommended to vary the training loads on a daily basis.
An example of undulating periodization for intermediate and advanced clients is shown below.
Sample intermediate repetition scheme
Weeks 1-4 5-8 9-12 13-16 17-20
Repetitions 12-15 6-8 10-12 4-6 8-10
Work sets 1 3-4 1-2 4-5 2-3
Sample Advanced repetition scheme
Days Monday Wednesday Friday
Repetitions 4-6 12-15 8-10
Work sets 3-4 1-2 2-3
The research
Science is constantly researching and comparing different methods of training. Some of the traditional approaches commonly used by personal trainers have been shown more recently to be inferior to and less effective than other methods of training (ACSM 2002). The recent studies by James Marx and his colleagues (2001) and by Bill Kraemer’s group (2000) have shed enormous light on the differences in training approaches.
James Marx’s research, which was conducted over a 6 month period, compared a non-varied program of single sets with a program using undulating periodization. His work found that the periodized group had a higher magnitude of change in muscular performance over the 6-month training period. Those who used the periodized approach demonstrated larger increases in all categories tested: upper and lower body maximal strength, muscular endurance, muscular speed and power. The periodized subjects also showed measurably better physiological changes related to decreases in percent body fat, increases in lean body mass, decreases in serum cortisol, and increases in serum IFG-1 and testosterone levels.
Professor Bill Kraemer’s group again clearly demonstrated undulating periodization to be more effective than a single set program. This 9 month study resulted in the undulating periodized group having significantly greater increases in strength and motor performance when compared to the single set model.
The Physiology of Periodization
Most individuals have approximately 50% of slow-twitch and fast-twitch fiber types, although this varies comparatively between people, and also within a person’s body (McArdle, Katch & Katch, 1996). The physiological and metabolic characteristics of slow-twitch endurance fibers, and fast-twitch explosive strength muscle fibers are thoroughly discussed in nearly all current exercise physiology texts.
Contrariwise, the physiological explanations why periodization programs work so effectively are just beginning to be understood by exercise scientists. One accepted explanation is that the systematic training approach of periodized programs provides a satisfactory overload to specific muscles fiber types while other fibers are getting necessary recovering (Kraemer, Fleck & Evans, 1996). Thus the recovery is inbuilt in periodization training design. The alternating training sessions of high-volume, low-intensity with low-volume, high-intensity provides a satisfactory stimulus/recovery for the different types of muscle fibers, minimizing the possibility of experiencing the exhaustion phase of the G.A.S.
By simply varying the intensity of your client’s programs based on their lifting experience – using either the traditional (linear) approach or the undulating model – you will be adopting the methods and strategies used to produce the world’s top strength athletes. Research has clearly demonstrated that these methods will significantly improve a client’s progress towards their fitness goals and result in superior gains when compared to simpler, non-varied single set regimes.
I found the thread name where there are a bunch of good posts regarding the undulating rotation, I think if you search the threads with this title you should find it:
Suggestions for after STS rotations
Thanks for helping me figure out the substitutions for the dvds! I kind of had a feeling ME would be ok in place of Muscle Max. I really want to add these titles and then some more to my collection, but I never have anything to let people get me for my birthday because I always get what I want when I want (Am I spoiled or what????) I guess I look at it as being blessed...
Anyway, my birthday is not until september, and I am making a whishlist and making myself wait to get new stuff for a change!
Have a great day you all!
Have I mentioned lately how much I love checking in with all of you! You guys are just wondeful!
By the way, Gayle, Hubby and kids say to tell you thank you for the recipe of the black bean meatballs. I made them last night and we all just gobbled them up! Yum!
Friday I'm trying Rachels CHicken Terazzini (spelling?)